Research

Working papers

Education Policy and the Quality of Public Servants

Updated March 2026

UniCredit Foundation Best Education Paper Award · Third Prize, 2026 IDB Young Economist Award

Abstract

This paper studies the design of higher education policies targeted at improving the recruitment of public servants. I leverage the introduction of a policy in Chile that aimed to increase teacher quality by combining financial incentives and admission standards. Exploiting a sharp assignment rule for financial incentives eligibility, I estimate that, at the threshold, enrollment of high performing students at teacher colleges increased by 42%. For low-income students, two thirds of the increase is due to switching away from non-enrollment. The policy led to a 0.25SD increase in the scores at the college entrance exam, which translated into a 0.11SD increase in Teacher Value Added (TVA). I embed the reduced-form results into a demand and supply model of higher education that incorporates a novel method for solving discrete-continuous games in large markets. Alternative combinations of incentives and admission standards lead to increases of up to 6.6% in the test scores of students enrolled at teacher colleges, and up to 20% in TVA. Targeting the policy to low-income students yields further gains in TVA at no additional cost. To achieve similar gains, the expected wages of graduates from teacher colleges would need to increase by approximately 35%, highlighting the cost-effectiveness of the policy.

Funding Instruments and Effort Choices in Higher Education

With Guillem Foucault · Updated October 2026

Abstract

This paper examines the effects of tuition-free higher education (TF) policies on student enrollment and academic performance, focusing on the 2016 Chilean reform that eliminated higher education tuition fees for students from the lowest five income deciles. Using a two-way fixed effects (TWFE) approach, we find that TF increased enrollment among eligible students by around 4 percentage points—concentrated among lower-ability students—and both reduced dropout rates and increased graduation rates among students enrolled before the reform. For post-reform cohorts, these effects diminish: graduation and on-time graduation gains persist but are smaller, and the dropout reduction vanishes. To disentangle the role of student effort from composition effects, we develop a dynamic structural model in which students choose effort levels in response to financial incentives. The model reproduces the enrollment response estimated by TWFE and its concentration among lower-ability students. Counterfactual simulations show that reintroducing annual progress requirements reduces the cost per additional graduate from $108,000 to $70,000, but widens socioeconomic gaps in graduation. Minimum entry scores would raise the cost per additional graduate nearly threefold and leave the socioeconomic gap almost unchanged. Phasing out the benefit for middle-income students and providing a stipend to the poorest raises graduation as much as TF does, at lower cost and with a smaller socioeconomic gap.

Work in progress

General Equilibrium Effects of Large-Scale Education Expansions

With Matteo Bobba, Olivier De Groote, Guillem Foucault and Ana Gazmuri

RIS Data Grant, Chilean Ministry of Social Development

Abstract

While small-scale educational interventions provide valuable insights into effective investments, large-scale education programs may generate substantial general equilibrium (GE) effects that alter their ultimate impact on welfare and inequality. This paper analyzes the consequences of a large-scale college enrollment expansion in Chile, explicitly accounting for GE effects in both education and labor markets, to understand how firms adjust their demand for skill-biased labor in response to increased college graduate supply. The model enables us to decompose observed wage changes into individual returns to education and GE effects, revealing how firm responses shape education decisions and ultimately affect the distribution of earnings. By incorporating both household education choices and firm production decisions, this framework provides a comprehensive assessment of how large-scale education expansions affect welfare and distributional outcomes.

Enhancing the Effectiveness of Early Warning System in Education

With Francesco Agostinelli, Ciro Avitabile and Matteo Bobba

Abstract

This project develops scalable, low-cost strategies to enhance early warning systems aimed at preventing school dropout in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the growing adoption of data-driven platforms that predict students' dropout risk and provide targeted guidance to school staff, real-world impact remains limited by low user engagement and minimal improvements in outcomes. We propose an integrated approach that strengthens both the targeting of at-risk students and the engagement of key stakeholders. By systematically combining school principals’ expert beliefs about students with machine learning predictions, we harness local knowledge to improve the accuracy of dropout risk assessments. Simultaneously, we foster parental involvement by inviting families of at-risk students to structured meetings with school leadership, sharing clear risk information and practical guidance to support continued enrollment. At-risk students are also offered tailored tutoring in foundational skills by trained educators.

Equilibrium Effects of Information Interventions in Online Labor Markets

With Ana Gazmuri, Estrella Gomez-Herrera and Frank Müller-Langer

Abstract

We study the impact of a policy change in an online labor market requiring disclosure of projects’ experience requirements, which prompted roughly half of employers to stop revealing their budgets. Exploiting detailed data from the universe of auctions in PeoplePerHour—one of the largest online labor markets—we document that employers who conceal budgets after the policy systematically pay higher winning fees across all project types. Bid variance increases, indicating greater strategic uncertainty for workers. Worker win probabilities remain largely unaffected by the disclosure change, though we observe stronger price-based selection for low-value projects and more pronounced firm advantage in mid-value segments. To interpret these empirical patterns and evaluate counterfactual information policies, we build a structural beauty-contest auction model. Our framework explicitly captures the strategic interplay between employers and heterogeneous workers under incomplete information, enabling us to simulate the welfare and market impacts of alternative disclosure policies. The results highlight the multifaceted consequences of market design for both sides of online labor platforms, especially when buyers’ strategic concealment of information is endogenous.

Older work

Brechas de Género: Una Exploración Más Allá de la Media2019, CEDLAS Working Papers No. 255